Volume 15 Issue 2, 2021

Translation scholarship abounds in strong views against literal translation, questioning its viability and creativity. The present paper problematizes the relegation of literal translation and makes a case for its viability in the translation of literary texts. To this end, the paper analyzes 600 culture-bound and collocational expressions extracted from a corpus of thirty Nepali short stories in English translation carried out by Nepali EFL student translators. The findings demonstrate the accuracy of literally translated expressions and further illustrate the creative potential of literal translation. Finally, the study points out the necessity of incorporating literal translation as a viable strategy in translation pedagogy.
Keywords: Collocations, Culture-bound Expressions, Literal Translation, Free Translation.

The study investigates the types of errors made by the Odia ESL learners while performing the task of both direct translation i.e., from Odia (L1) to English (L2) and inverse translation, i.e. from English (L2) to Odia (L1). It will also make an attempt to find out whether the medium of instruction has to play a significant role in committing these errors or not. The data were gathered from 30 Odia ESL learners studying in Class X and who were divided into two groups of the equal number on the basis of the medium of instruction they had in their school. The participants were assigned the task of translating two passages (one from L1 to L2 & the other from L2 to L1). The study was conducted at two different educational institutions in Odisha. Participants had to write down the translation directly on the paper. The written data were analyzed thereafter by the researcher herself. The result of the analysis revealed that the medium of instruction has no role to play in committing the types of translation errors by the Odia ESL learners.
Keywords: Direct Translation, Inverse Translation, Medium of Instruction, ESL Learners, Translation Errors.

In this article, we explore the names of creatures of the video game Enter the Gungeon that resulted in wordplays through lexical blending. Of all characters’ names found in the game, forty-two (42), either originally constructed as lexical blends in American English or transposed as such into Brazilian Portuguese, will be analysed. Such mixtures of lexical items to create their names reflect their appearance and ability, usually related to weapons and ammunition. Our discussion includes an overview of the main word-formation processes used in lexical blending, then, explores the ones involved in creating the names in American English, and compares them with their counterparts in Brazilian Portuguese, aiming to verify how such linguistic events were treated in the target language. Translating lexical blends (a type of wordplay), due to their formation process, inevitably involves high doses of creativity. For results in Brazilian Portuguese other than lexical blends, more appropriate constructions will be suggested. Our results indicate that the translator(s) could not only re-create most of the instances but also create other neologisms, corroborating the word-formation process of specific lexical blends, as wordplays with imagistic function.
Keywords: Video Game, Lexical Blending, Translation, Re-Creation.

With the introduction of print modalities and the subsequent introduction of modern/western education systems, the questions of language, vernacular education, book production, and translations became important in 19th century Bengal. As the introduction of a new epistemological system in 19th century Bengal necessitated the production of books and translations, several western knowledge texts got translated into Bengali by the efforts of various individuals and institutions. These translations play a pivotal role in producing textbooks in Bengali and represent a site where the structure and vocabulary of the Bengali language got standardised and redefined through printed language and language of translations. This study tracks the translations produced by the collaboration of Fort William College and Serampore Missionary Press, Calcutta School Book Society and Vernacular Literature Society and argues that the translations produced by these institutions gave shape to a kind of Bengali language that represented a class and social hierarchy. This study argues that the translations produced by the aforementioned institutions and the printed textbooks paved a way for the upper-class urban elites to mould the Bengali language in their way (by excluding the colloquial register and language of the masses) to represent their ethos and class hierarchy and identity. This study argues that the translations produced by these institutions, in many ways, were the tools through which the various contesting views on the form and diction of the language of/in print got articulated.
Keywords: Translation Studies, Cultural Studies, Print Cultures, Print History, History of Books, Colonial Epistemology, Standardization through Translation, Translation as Knowledge Production, Translation and the Vernacular.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the awareness of Yemeni translation students of the importance of discourse analysis (DA) in translation. It has been conducted to find out the role of DA in enhancing students’ translation and its influence in improving their translation. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed as the instrument to investigate the students’ awareness of DA importance in translating process. Third- and fourth-level students from three Yemeni universities were chosen to answer the questionnaire. The results reveal that Yemeni students have an orientation of the importance of DA in translation; they are aware of the role of DA in translation. The study concludes that understanding DA is one of the golden keys for successful translation. It is a very important course, which translation students should take and indispensable to the translation field. So there is a strong link between DA and translation. The study recommends that DA be a part of university curricula and translators’ training, and students should take a practical part with translation to apply the analysis of a text.
Keywords: Applied Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Translation, Yemeni Students.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the awareness of Yemeni translation students of the importance of discourse analysis (DA) in translation. It has been conducted to find out the role of DA in enhancing students’ translation and its influence in improving their translation. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed as the instrument to investigate the students’ awareness of DA importance in translating process. Third- and fourth-level students from three Yemeni universities were chosen to answer the questionnaire. The results reveal that Yemeni students have an orientation of the importance of DA in translation; they are aware of the role of DA in translation. The study concludes that understanding DA is one of the golden keys for successful translation. It is a very important course, which translation students should take and indispensable to the translation field. So there is a strong link between DA and translation. The study recommends that DA be a part of university curricula and translators’ training, and students should take a practical part with translation to apply the analysis of a text.
Keywords: Applied Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Translation, Yemeni Students.

This paper is part of the researcher’s full-fledged Ph.D. research work on the linguistic problems and difficulties of translating between English and Arabic as two non-native languages. The current paper is set up to examine the grammatical problems and difficulties of English to Arabic translation that face the M.A. students who are learning Arabic in India. The data has been collected through a translation test which was designed based on classroom observations and after consulting the translation teachers. The data has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. All the participants faced several grammatical problems and difficulties while doing the translation test. This research work presents and discusses five of the most frequently detected problems and difficulties; including translating grammatical agreement, grammatical case, tenses, prepositions and definite and indefinite articles. The researcher has finally concluded the study with some practical and pedagogical suggestions.
Keywords: English, Arabic, Translation, Problems/ Difficulties, Solutions.

The STI Policy (Science, Technology and Innovation Policy) aims to bring about a national-level science movement for popularising science among students and inculcating interest among the masses. This policy outlines strategies to mainstream science communication and public engagement through capacity building avenues, research initiatives and outreach platforms. In order to achieve this and to popularise science amongst students and the general public, reaching them in their regional languages is imperative. Science communication is the art of conveying content to the public, importantly building their trust in science, technology and innovation. Especially in a multilingual country like ours, the challenges to make STI reach everyone needs a futuristic vision with careful planning and execution. In this article, the authors discuss various aspects and their observations from their experience in translating science worksheets into Tamil for children. This paper also discusses the issues where a translator needs to be cautious about the dialects and age-appropriate vocabulary, more so while translating to reach children.
Keywords: Science Communication, Translation, Tamil, Science Vocabulary, STIP.

Translation is a productive exercise born out of linguistic activity. It not only shares the knowledge system of one literary narrative with the target language readers but also fulfils the pedagogical requirements. In fact, translation of the poetic form is caught in the perennial dilemma of transferring the sense, form, mode, and content. A kind of poetry that manifests its lyricism, formal beauty by relying on native imagery or a certain sentiment poses the biggest challenge before the translator in the sense that unless its very mood is captured in the target language, the essence would be lost. Utilitarian prose does not run this risk since the transfer of idea becomes its prime aim. So the translator of the poetic domain categorically develops a formal schema by retaining rhyme, metre or other such devices of the source language thereby guiding the readers to the original text. The present paper is an attempt to explore the nature of translation in terms of poetry, specially written for consumption by the common mass. The data for the same is drawn from Odia poetry in English translation. The main focus of the paper will be on: i. The importance of translating the form while balancing the originality of work and in recreating a piece that evokes the same response and sense. ii. Comparing portions of the poetic text in translation and ascertaining a valid space for this conceptual and philosophical essence.
Keywords: Translation, Native, Target Language, Utilitarian Prose, Bhajan.

The paper attempts to critically examine two literary translations of George Orwell’s novella Animal Farm: A Fairy Story (1945) into the Gujarati language. The two translations published in chronological order are Pashurajya (October 1947 ;) translated by Jayanti Dalal (1909–1970) and Chopaga Nu Raj (2015 ;) translated by Harendra Bhatt (1953). Both the translations are viewed through the observations of translation theorists Lawrence Venuti, Eugene Nida, and Peter Newmark with regard to what makes a good translation. While the question of whether these translations of the source text were alert to George Orwell’s political ideology and the resonances was paid attention to, how the translations are placed particularly within the Gujarati language and its culture is closely examined. Similarly, the analytical study situates the author and his text in their particular historical context and seeks to determine how the translations of the source text are likewise informed by the translators’ political and individual ideologies and the lexical choices they made in translating the text and relocating it within the Gujarati milieu. Critically, both the translations contain complex issues related to their lexical variations, translators’ potentialities and their ideologies that will help to distinguish the translated texts in many ways. In the linguistic equivalence approach, the use of colloquial words, renaming of characters’ names and translation of the sentence structure in both the translations are found to be diverse because of one of the translators’ choices of exercising liberty and their potentialities. The translator’s use of freely added sentences will also be examined in Chopaga Nu Raj. The comparative study concludes, by linguistically examining the translation of Minimus’s poem in Pashurajya and Chopaga Nu Raj.
Keywords: Translation, Gujarati language, Ideology, Equivalence, Source text, Target text, Linguistics.

Language is rooted in culture and Translation Studies has evolved as an effective communication tool between cultures. The present study “Understanding Transliteration and Translation in The Goddess of Revenge” is an exploration into how transliteration and translation prove to be significant in the understanding and retaining the culture that prevailed in a Namboothiri community through the English translation of “Prathikaaradevatha”, i.e. “The Goddess of Revenge” by Lalithambika Antharjanam. The study also intends to analyse the ideological and historical role of women in language and see how translation helps in presenting the female self to deconstruct the prevalent patriarchal hegemony in a global scenario. It enables the transmission of knowledge as well as culture in a globalised society. Thus the concept of culture, identity and gender is made universal through the linguistic study of translation thereby communicating cultural customs across the world.
Keywords: Translation, Transliteration, Culture, Identity, Gender, Language.