Volume 17 Issue 2, 2023
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World Literature
and the Rise of Sub-nationalisms in Indian Vernaculars: British Romantic Poets in
Gujarati Translation
Author(s): Sabbir A. Galariya
Pages: 1-28
Published: 2023
Abstract
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World Literature and the Rise of Sub-nationalisms in Indian Vernaculars: British
Romantic Poets in Gujarati Translation
Sabbir A. Galariya
Received 01/11/2022, Accepted 17/07/2023
Abstract
This paper focuses on how world literature played a crucial role in shaping a sub-national
Gujarati identity. Narsinhrao Divatia (1859-1937) – the well-known Gujarati poet,
critic and linguist presented partial or complete translations of British Romantic
poets like Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley and Byron from the fourth part of F.T. Palgrave’s
Golden Treasury (1861) in his seminal poetry anthology Kusummala (1887). This translation
played a significant role in redefining Gujarati poetics and Gujarati identity.
It also elevated the cultural status of Gujarati literature by introducing Sanskrit
poetics in the Gujarati translations. However, in the Gujarati literary tradition,
Divatia’s translations of the British Romantic poets are treated as ‘nakal’ (copy)
and derivative of Western poetry. This paper argues that the Gujarati translations
of the British Romantic poets in Kusummala (1887) cannot be dismissed as cheap copies,
but have to be read as refractions, a kind of rewriting elaborated by André Lefevre.
Kusummala is an example of an interliterary text where Gujarati translations of
the British Romantic poets are mediated with the help of Sanskrit poetics. This
paper also argues that the sub-national Gujarati identity goes beyond the dichotomy
of Vishwa and Rashtra, as proposed by Vinay Dharwadker.
Keywords: Sub-nationalism, World Literature, Translation Studies, Kusummala,
British Romantic Poets, Narsinhrao Divatia.
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Cite this work
Galariya Sabbir A. 2023. World Literature and the Rise of Subnationalisms in Indian
Vernaculars: British Romantic Poets in Gujarati Translation. Translation Today,
Vol. 17(2). 1-28. DOI: 10.46623/tt/2023.17.2.ar1
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Beyond Translation:
Retelling and Literary History
Author(s): Nilanjana Bhattacharya
Pages: 29-48 Published:
2023
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Beyond Translation: Retelling and Literary History
Nilanjana Bhattacharya
Received 21/09/2023, Accepted 17/10/2023
Abstract
“Translation” as a literary term, originated in a specific European context. However,
the term has been generalised to such an extent that it is often used to read texts
across languages and cultures. While this process can help in identifying and establishing
links between languages and cultures, acknowledging the theoretical tools provided
within the concerned literary tradition could provide better insights into the literary
history of the tradition, and reception of a text. To the latter end, this paper
proposes to go beyond the concept of translation, and focus on the Sanskrit concept
of anuvada or “retelling” (and its later equivalent, “rewriting”), to show how this
concept of “retelling” can contribute to a better understanding of literary history,
especially in a country like India, where several linguistic traditions are organically
connected. I shall primarily rely on The Mahabharata to substantiate my argument.
Keywords: Retelling, Translation, Literary history, Anuvada, The Mahabharata.
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Cite this work
Bhattacharya, Nilanjana . 2023. Beyond Translation: Retelling and Literary History.
Translation Today, Vol. 17(2). 29-48. DOI: 10.46623/tt/2023.17.2.ar2
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Can Adaptations
Create Dialectical Sites within the Skopos Theory? An Exploratory Study of Inconsolable
Memories and Memories of Underdevelopment
Author(s):Ira Vangipurapu Pages: 49-73
Published: 2023
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Can Adaptations Create Dialectical Sites within the Skopos Theory? An Exploratory
Study of Inconsolable Memories and Memories of Underdevelopment
Ira Vangipurapu
Received 24.04.2023, Accepted 25.05.2023
Abstract
This is an exploratory study of the adaptation of the novel Inconsolable Memories
(1965) by Edmundo Desnoes into the film Memories of Underdevelopment (1968) by Tomas
Gutiérrez Alea under the Skopos theory. This study is a part of a larger ongoing
investigation into the cinema of Gutiérrez Alea, in which the researcher is looking
at the various techniques he utilizes across his films to generate a social dialectic.
The study is located in the skopos defined by Gutiérrez Alea – diminishing the role
of the cultural archetypes such as patriarchy and identification with the colonizer
that were deeply ingrained in the Cuban people, which he felt, were hampering the
continuous progress of the socialist revolution. Here, I’m exploring the strategies
he uses in the process of creating a dialectical text as a means of social reform.
Gutiérrez Alea has created the adaptation through a collaboration between himself
and the author of the novel, Edmundo Desnoes. The study hopes that this collaboration
may also reveal a dialectical relationship under the same skopos between the two
texts themselves, and the manner in which they interact and modify each other.
Keywords: Adaptation Studies, Cuban Cinema, Tomas Gutiérrez Alea, Cuban Revolutionary
Cinema.
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Cite this work
Vangipurapu, Ira . 2023. Can Adaptations Create Dialectical Sites within the Skopos
Theory? An Exploratory Study of Inconsolable Memories and Memories of Underdevelopment.
Translation Today, Vol. 17(2). 49-73. DOI: 10.46623/tt/2023.17.2.ar3
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The ‘Introduction’
as Translation: A Critical Study of William Radice’s ‘Introduction’ to Gitanjali
(2011)
Author(s): Azhar Uddin Sahaji
Pages: 75-87
Published: 2023
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The ‘Introduction’ as Translation: A Critical Study of William Radice’s ‘Introduction’
to Gitanjali (2011)
Azhar Uddin Sahaji
Received 27/09/2023, Accepted 17/10/2023
Abstract
An introduction to a translation is a necessary part of modern (literary) translation
practice. Without a proper introduction, translations cannot be understood clearly.
Introduction is necessary when a text is rendered into another language, time and
space and moreover to a different culture to make the target readers understand
the context. But at the same time, introductions can also problematize a translation.
It could violate, mutilate, and deviate from the original text before the actual
translation is done i.e., the text. It could change the ‘discourse’ which is there
in the original text. The proposed research paper questions the role and significance
of an introduction to a translated text. The paper primarily looks at the long introduction
by William Radice in his translation of Gitanjali (2011) in reference to two other
introductions---one by W. B. Yeats in Song Offerings (1912) and Tagore’s own (rather
a ‘foreword’) in the Bangla original Gitanjali in 1911 and compares and analyzes
them to understand the role an introduction plays in a translation.
Keywords: Translation, Introduction, Footnotes, Appendix, Politics of Translation,
Understanding as Translation.
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Sahaji, Azhar Uddin. 2023. The ‘Introduction’ as Translation: A Critical Study of
William Radice’s ‘Introduction’ to Gitanjali (2011). Translation Today, Vol. 17(2).
75-87. DOI: 10.46623/tt/2023.17.2.ar4
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European Parallel
Traditions on Textual Studies apropos Translation Act in Indian Contexts: Charles
Bally and Successors of Saussure
Author(s):Sushant Kumar Mishra
and Anuradha Deepak Pages:
88-104 Published: 2022
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European Parallel Traditions on Textual Studies apropos Translation Act in Indian
Contexts: Charles Bally and Successors of Saussure
Sushant Kumar Mishra
and Anuradha Deepak
Received 29/04/2023, Accepted 19/07/2023
Abstract
Comparative language studies have yielded various interesting results towards the
end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. European thinkers
have worked a lot on areas which have provided the basis for later frameworks for
textual analysis and critical study. This kind of textual study has impacted the
frameworks of Translation Studies for comparative analysis of parallel texts between
a pair of languages. The translation processes and training have been designed on
the basis of the categories drawn from the comparative stylistic studies between
the language pairs. By ‘translation act’, we understand here the fundamental stylistic
categories which help us refine the translation skills while translating a text.
This paper aims at understanding such impact on the textual analysis frameworks
as used in the Translation Studies. The paper focuses especially on the writings
of Charles Bally in the context of text analysis of the source and target language
texts. The writings of Charles Bally and some related writings of Saussure are not
readily available in English.1 Considering these writings the parallel
1 The book titled Course in General Linguistics is a book posthumously
edited by eminent linguists Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye. The books originally
written by Saussure like Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues
Indo-Europèennes or related writings like Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure
are not available in English. Most of the writings of Saussure remain untranslated
into English. These writings are important as they inform us about the methodology
that Saussure employed in developing the understanding that is often presented to
us. Course in General linguistics remains very sketchy in several aspects of Saussure’s
theories. For information, the following sites may be consulted for further reading:
1. Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure, this text is not available on internet
archives. However, its reference can be found in several publications like European
Parallel Traditions… 89 traditions of Europe, we explore the possibility of implementing
the ideas of these traditions on the study of language pairs (English and Hindi)
in the context of translation act. This implementation of these ideas for studying
the language pairs for getting the principles regarding the translation act requires
a comparative stylistic study between the pair of languages on which a translator
is working. In this paper, the examples for illustrating the theoretical aspects
of comparative stylistics discussed have been given from the language pair Hindi
and English.
Keywords: Comparative Linguistics, Stylistics, Translation Studies, Philology,
Text Analysis, Indian Translation Scenario.
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Cite this work
Mishra, Sushant Kumar & Deepak, Anuradha. 2023. European Parallel Traditions on
Textual Studies apropos Translation Act in Indian Contexts: Charles Bally and Successors
of Saussure. Translation Today, Vol. 17(2). 88-104. DOI: 10.46623/tt/2023.17.2.ar5
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